Power Plays

That executive may have congratulated himself earlier this month when the two countries finally signed the deal, called the “123 Agreement” because it falls under the U.S. Atomic Energy Act section of that number. Others may be cheering as well: Two big U.S. delegations – representing 180 companies and 38 companies respectively – visited India in the past year, looking to sell items such as Westinghouse nuclear reactors, uranium from South Dakota and Lockheed Martin fighter jets.

The agreement aims at ensuring U.S. support for India’s civilian nuclear power program, with the promise of a significant jump in trade and business relations between the two countries.

Staying Below the Radar

Initially, it appeared that most of the debates about the U.S.-India nuclear agreement were largely political. A deafening silence marked the business implications – and with good reason: Many senior executives were waiting for the political clouds to clear and for the final terms of the agreement to be revealed.

By the second week of August, however, a flurry of business moves has become evident. According to Bloomberg News: “Areva, the world’s largest maker of nuclear power stations, and General Electric, are among four companies poised to share $14 billion of orders from India as nations led by the U.S. prepare to lift a 33-year ban. Toshiba’s Westinghouse Electric and Russia’s atomic energy agency Rosatom will probably also win contracts to each build two 1,000 megawatt reactors.”

Bloomberg added that “the orders will form the first phase of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s plan to build 40,000 megawatts of nuclear capacity by 2020, equivalent to a third of current generation. India needs to add to the 3% of electricity that comes from Russian-designed reactors to meet soaring energy needs and reduce its reliance on coal-fired power plants.” The report also quoted one source who said India would “try to diversify its suppliers and it’s highly likely all four [Areva, GE, Westinghouse and Rosatom] will win the contracts.”

Even so, the going will hardly be easy. Wharton management professor Jitendra Singh says one of the main hurdles the U.S. government faces is to ensure the deal survives any opposition from legislators.

A Symbolic Cachet

Notwithstanding the political test, Singh says the deal has “symbolic significance” and that “it may be remembered in time as a watershed event for India.”

Chaudhuri also feels the symbolic value of the deal is significant for long-term planning between the U.S. and India, “whereas in earlier years you had to always include a caveat” about how the relationship would evolve. He now sees clear signals from the U.S. that it “wants to engage India” for both economic and geopolitical reasons.

For U.S. companies, multi-billion dollar opportunities are opening up. “It is not just in the nuclear area,” says Shivanand Kanavi, a commentator on technology issues who is currently writing a book on India’s nuclear program and is the author of Sand to Silicon, a book on the digital revolution. “There are opportunities at several levels and in several sectors.”

One obvious opportunity is that U.S. companies will be allowed to sell both nuclear reactors and technology to India. This is big business, roughly $150 billion worth, according to estimates from the U.S.-India Business Council (USIBC). The numbers are extrapolated from the Indian nuclear industry’s plans to increase nuclear power output from around 3,500 MW now to 60,000 MW over the next three decades. The Atomic Energy Commission has doubled its target for 2024 from 20,000 MW to 40,000 MW. Nuclear energy today accounts for barely 3% of India’s total generation of 120,000 MW.

A clear beneficiary of the new regime is the public-sector Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL), the entity negotiating the deals with Areva, GE, Westinghouse and Rosatom cited in the Bloomberg report.

Chaudhuri says that unlike telecommunications, roads and airports where India has been aggressively forging ahead, its energy sector “has not quite had that radical transformation yet.” He expects the ramifications for Indian industry to be huge, by lowering infrastructure costs with increased supply of power.

Regulatory Bottlenecks

At the recent annual general meeting of Tata Power, the group’s chairman, Ratan Tata, told shareholders: “If the government opens the sector for private investment, Tata Power would be certainly interested in operating a nuclear power plant.” A critical challenge for businesses, however, will be securing the government’s green light. Today, only companies with a 51% government stake are allowed to generate nuclear energy. In practice, this has boiled down to only NPCIL.

For the private sector to enter the fray, the regulatory environment will need to change. In May, Atomic Energy Commission chairman Anil Kakodkar told a meeting in Kolkata that the Atomic Energy Act would be amended as soon as possible to allow private-sector participation. Draft legislation has already been circulated.

Apart from the Tatas, other interested parties will likely include the Anil Ambani-controlled Reliance Energy, the Essar Group and the GMR Group. Kanavi points out that U.S. companies helping to set up these plants will be looking to work with Indian contractors. Some of the contenders include: Larsen & Toubro (L&T), Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) and Gammon India in civil construction; L&T in reactors; Bharat Heavy Engineering Ltd (BHEL) in boilers; KSB, Kirloskar Brothers, Mather & Platt, Jyoti Ltd. and Bharat Pumps in boiler feed pumps; Alpha Laval, GEI Hammon Pipes, Maharashtra Seamless and Ratnamani Metals in heat exchangers; Honeywell Automation in panels; and Rolta India in consulting and engineering services. Some industry watchers also include Walchandnagar Industries, Godrej & Boyce, Bharat Heavy Plates & Vessels, the Hyderabad-based MTAR (which produces assemblies and precision components for use in space and nuclear applications), and Crompton Greaves.

Over the years that the Indian nuclear industry was shunned by the Western world, many of these companies have built up a good deal of expertise. HCC, for instance, was the first Indian construction company to undertake civil engineering works for pressurized heavy water reactor power projects in India. “HCC has constructed four out of the seven nuclear power plants in India,” says chairman and managing director Ajit Gulabchand. Four new plants are under construction, with HCC building two of them.

“It is fast becoming accepted that nuclear energy is ‘green’ compared to conventional energy sources, and it is also quicker to implement,” says Gulabchand. “There is a renewed global focus on building new capacities.”

M.V. Kotwal, who heads the heavy engineering division of engineering giant L&T, now sees openings to set up “light water nuclear reactors of the boiling water type or the pressurized water type.” He says the technology for such reactors, which need enriched uranium as fuel, is available with the U.S., France, Japan and Russia. Whereas L&T is equipped to manufacture the main reactor vessels as well as steam generators, pressurizers and other critical equipment for such nuclear power plants, “it is a problem at times to source some of the raw material which is manufactured by European, Japanese and Russian companies,” says Kotwal. “After the clearance of the agreement, it will be easier to source such material and hence to speed up the Indian program.”

Because of their extensive domestic experience and cost advantages, companies like L&T also plan to export nuclear reactor building skills and associated operation and maintenance services once the agreement is finalized.

Meanwhile, the perestroika in the nuclear arena will extend to exploration. The public-sector Uranium Corporation of India will be bidding for mines abroad. At home, the private sector is being allowed into uranium exploration. For starters, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) will outsource areas like data collection and analysis.

Mega Defense Deals

All of this is, however, small change compared to defense deals, which have U.S. companies waiting anxiously. A conservative estimate is that India will spend $70 billion in defense procurement over the next five years. (The $150 billion estimated for nuclear power projects is spread over 28 years.)

Take just one component: fighter jets. India is in the market for 126 multi-role combat aircraft. At $10 billion, this is one of the world’s biggest single-supplier contracts. New Delhi-based defense commentator Siddharth Srivastava wrote recently that the contenders are Boeing’s F-18 Super Hornet, Lockheed Martin’s F-16 Fighting Falcon, the Russian MiG-35, the Swedish SAAB Group’s Jas-39, the Typhoon Eurofighter (the combined effort of British, German, Italian and Spanish firms), and the French Dassault Rafale.

The agreement will have spin-off benefits for Indian companies, as government regulations require foreign suppliers to invest 30% of deal values above $66 million in India’s defense industry, wrote Srivastava. He points to Boeing’s recent win of a $11 billion order for 68 aircraft from Air India, and its announcement that it would invest $1.7 billion to buy goods and services from Indian companies. Lockheed Martin has approached Hindustan Aeronautics, Bharat Electronics, BHEL, and the Tatas for joint defense projects, he adds.

Today, Russia is India’s biggest defense supplier. Israel stands at No. 2, having overtaken France, the U.K. and the U.S., who had been hamstrung by various restrictions, but now want part of the action. India this year expects to spend $10.5 billion on military equipment, including $4 billion for the air force, $2.8 billion for the army and $2.5 billion for the navy. Some 70% of those capital needs are met though imports.

The big Indian houses of Tata, Mahindra and Godrej are cobbling together consortia to bid for defense projects that may open up once the nuclear deal takes effect. L&T has already signed up with European aerospace and defense group EADS. It is planning to build submarines for the Indian Navy and has produced prototypes of products including missile launchers.

Indian business groups with defense expertise include Tata (electronic warfare systems, embedded software), Mahindra (simulators, surveillance systems), Ashok Leyland (transport/passenger vehicles, light armored trucks), Kirloskar (naval engines) and Bajaj Tempo (armored vehicles, components). Mahindra recently announced a marketing and support deal with Seabird Aviation Jordan to supply Seabird seeker aircraft to India. “This is a natural extension of our activities in the field of surveillance for which we have obtained a license from the government of India,” says Brigadier (Retd.) K.A. Hai, CEO of Mahindra Defense Systems.

Another area where the nuclear agreement will make a difference is in space. “The deal will pave the way for lifting technology restriction regimes,” says Kanavi. “One example: U.S. satellites or even satellites carrying U.S. components are not allowed to be launched by the Indian Space Research Organization. This might change and lead to India entering the business of space launches and satellite fabrication as a serious player. It has a price advantage of about 30% here due to the availability of high-skilled talent at low cost.”

Economic Realities

“Ultimately, economics determines everything,” says Chaudhuri, who feels those compulsions will override political opposition to the deal. He adds that it is impressive that India “stuck to its guns” in the negotiations leading up to the nuclear deal, and also won the endorsement of its scientific establishment. “

“What’s also interesting is that India is going to keep its options open and engage various countries, including Russia and China, at the geopolitical level,” he says. “That’s a new reality that has to be accepted by the rest of the world.” The deal also sends a clear message to the U.S. that its “unilateral actions are probably bound not to be as effective any more,” he says.

“There are some people who look askance at the ‘sudden’ emergence of India,” Singh says. He argues that a longer-term historical perspective is needed, citing a recent Time magazine article, which says the notion of India as a poor country is of relatively recent origin, and that as late as 1700, it was one of the wealthiest regions of the world.

“It may be worth reminding ourselves that at one time India was called Sone ki Chidiya – the Golden Bird,” says Singh. “Maybe that was not just a flight of fancy after all. And India and China are simply heading back, in this post-Cold War, post-imperialism era, to their historically handsome share of world GDP and trade.”

Excerpted from knowledge@wharton

knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu