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It’s so near and yet so far. It’s a country spanning 5,514 kms and six time zones from east to west. Its land area, third only after Russia and China, could contain 18 countries the size of France or 40 United Kingdoms. Oceans on three sides surround it and its maritime boundary could circle the earth more than six times.
And nearly a million people of Indian origin call it home. The country? Canada, of course! It’s America’s closest neighbor, that perennially forgotten cousin. Canada and America are both nations in North America, yet the Land of the Maple Leaf is overshadowed by its flashier sibling. It’s within shouting distance of New York. In fact, stand on the Canadian side of the Niagara Falls and you can see, almost like a mirror image, American tourists waving from across the border. Yet few Indian Americans have connected with their desi biradri across the border – socially, culturally or economically. Indians have been coming to Canada since the 1890’s and though Lake Ontario may not have Lady Liberty holding up her lamp, this country is one of the most immigrant-friendly nations in the world and quite partial to Indians.
Indeed, at a time when America is turning increasingly paranoid and inward-looking, closing its doors to anyone who’s brown or has a strange-sounding last name, Canada is spreading out the welcome mat and turning on the porch light. “We need immigrants. We cannot survive without immigration,” says Chantal Ramsay, manager, Business Immigration Section, Ministry of Economic Development and Trade in Toronto, in what would surely sound like music to would-be immigrants’ ears. “By the year 2013, a 100 percent of our labor market growth will come from immigration. There is no question in anybody’s mind that we as a country are in the business of attracting immigrants.” The Indian community in Canada traces its origins to Vancouver in the 1890’s when Sikhs worked on the Canadian National Railroad, alongside Chinese laborers. While Vancouver has a large Sikh and Ismaili community, Toronto has drawn people from practically every part of India. “Today the Indian origin community in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is truly diverse, coming from India, East Africa and the Gulf and are from backgrounds from all over India,” says Divyabh Manchanda, Consul General of India in Toronto. “Their professions are also very wide ranging: business, professors, engineers, doctors, taxi and lorry drivers and consultants.” According to Manchanda, in the late 1960’s there were only about 500 people of Indian origin in Toronto; by the early 1970s their numbers rose to about 5,000 and in 2004, their number is estimated at almost 500,000. He says, “It is the probably the largest population of Indian-origin people in one area in the world.”
The 2001 Census recorded a South Asian population of 917,000 and projections are that the population has tipped well over a million by now. Over half the Indian population is concentrated in the Toronto Metro. The 500,000 South Asians in the city constitute fully 10 percent of the metro’s population and are the single largest minority group in the city, larger than even the Chinese and the Black population. The next largest Indian concentration is in Vancouver, which recorded a South Asian population in 2001 of 164,000. Other major Indian concentrations are found in Montreal, Calgary, Edmonton and Ottawa. Ten percent of Toronto’s population is South Asian, the highest proportion outside India. New York or Toronto, some things never change! Indeed, walk through Toronto or drive through its suburbs, and you cannot fail to see the Indian presence. The beautiful city with its skyscrapers, its CN Tower, the world’s largest structure, and the lush Harborfront Center, is like a cooler, calmer version of New York with an almost relaxed, European feel to it. At the downtown hotel where we stayed, the Novotel, the manager happened to be Indian. A Pakistani owned the small gift shop in the hotel, and he became our instant guide and advisor. In the lobby we met a young Bangladeshi couple, both academics with new jobs at the university, who had emigrated just a few days earlier and were putting up at the hotel while they hunted for an apartment. The father cradled a little boy in his arms, and looking at these new migrants, you could feel a sense of movement, of being in the midst of a churning sea of immigration.
When we turned on the radio at random, we caught a Punjabi station, a lively call-in show for drivers; another time on another channel, it was very catchy Tamil bhajans set to Bollywood music. Canada has a significant Tamil population, not only from India, but also hrefugees from the civil war in Sri Lanka, who have found a welcoming home in Canada. In fact, the Greater Toronto area boasts of nearly 30 South Asian ethnic publications, including 16 Punjabi newspapers, six in English, two Urdu papers as well as a few in Hindi and Gujarati. One radio station, CMR, Canadian Multicultural Radio, has been designated exclusively for ethnic communities, and Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu programs are all a large part of it. There are also an estimated 30-40 South Asian radio programs, most of which have bought time on mainstream stations and some of these are very interactive call-in programs in Punjabi, Tamil, Urdu and Hindi. Walk down colorful Gerard Street in Toronto and you see hundreds of sari boutiques, gold jewelry shops, eateries and grocery stores and no fewer than five paan shops! This continues to be the strongest Little India. You will see a microcosm of South Asia – Sikhs in turbans, women with hijabs, Sri Lankans, Muslims from many different countries besides Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshi,s as well as Arabs and Afghans.
Traveling to the suburbs, to the towns of Mississauga, Brampton, and Scarborough was even more of an eye-opener. Indians have settled in large numbers in Missisauga, and driving through the town you could see signs that told the story of a nation in change: Nader Hallal Meat, Pakwanchi, Royal Jewelers, Tandoor. We ate lunch at Brar Sweets, a small restaurant franchise in a strip mall, whose owners belong to the Radhaswami sect and are strict vegetarians. The huge buffet boasted many meatless delicacies that we had not tasted even in New York, such as chutney and paneer fritters with a dab of chili ketchup hidden inside the fried center. We were told the food was cooked by elderly Sikh women and no wonder it had such wholesome, home-cooked taste. In all these towns, Little Indias have sprung up in strip malls, and Little Sri Lankas too. You could call them Little South Asias, because almost all the regions are represented. In many places the enclaves juxtapose so that it’s possible to purchase Hindu temple accessories, Sri Lankan curries or hoppers, hallal meat and five samosas for $1 – all in the same mall.
America may have many thriving Indian communities, but nowhere does one see the scores of temples, gurudwaras, churches, mosques and jamat khanas for Ismailis, who are the followers of the Aga Khan. The Toronto area alone has over 20 gurudwaras and over 50 temples, as well as 100 mosques, which cater to Muslims from many different countries. While the Indian population in New York or California is large, neither holds a candle to Toronto, both in size, but even more significantly in proportion of the total city population. Consequently, the different religious institutions have a strong following. Visit one of the temples on a festival day and you see thousands of devotees and the sheer energy they bring. While some of these houses of worship are grand structures, others are makeshift ones in old houses or industrial complexes, some next to auto shops and Kung Fu Centers. “Toronto is unique in the way of preserved culture with more than 250 organizations which vary from cultural, language, religion to community based,” says Arti Chandaria, an arts activist who has been in Toronto since the 80’s. “Living far away from home this helps in celebrating festivals and religious events, and to showcase artistes within the community.” She points out that individuals belong to multiple organizations, based on their language, religion, community group and cultural interests. She adds, “Today the most amazing and promising cultural renaissance is happening in the community as the next generation has grown up and are at the age where they are involved in the fabric of Canada and are growing up as Canadians of Indian origin rather than as Indians living in Canada.”
Pradeep Sood, president of the Indian Chamber of Commerce, a national body with business councils in Ottawa and Montreal, which celebrated its 27th anniversary this year, has been in Toronto since 1990, moving from Delhi via Kenya and Tanzania. He says many Indians came to Canada from Africa with Kenyan or Tanzania passports, not necessarily as Indian nationals. Says Sood, who is himself an Indian citizen: “In Kenya it was very common for a family to have one son in Canada and another in London. Sort of hedging their bets.” Gerard Street boasts no fewer than five paan shops. “Unlike earlier, now they are more educated – 75 percent are skilled workers,” Sood says, pointing out that the Indian community is young and vibrant, constantly growing, with over a third of the population under the age of 24. The average household income of Indians in Canada at $54291 (US$41,748), is almost 16 percent higher than the national median household income of $46,752 (US$35,966).
Says Sood, “Most come from India with zero income base, they literally start from scratch and because every year 20,000 are coming, the averages move down. Yet, there are many making six figure incomes too.” Surjit Babra, whose company SkyLink began operating over 20 years ago with a single travel agency, has grown to include several operating companies and joint ventures, including a network of worldwide travel offices representing over 30 major airlines. It also has its own fleet of aircraft to provide international charter flights. For those living in Canada, it’s a good place to be. Sood says Indian Canadians have blended well, partly also because the country is so adapting and accommodating: “The community here is very well knit, and accessing or meeting people here is very easy as compared to the U.S. Here everything’s much closer – even though Indians are spread out. There are really no ghettos.” Indians are well entrenched in the transportations sector, as truck drivers and taxi drivers. Many others have ventured into small businesses and franchises like Tim Horton, Second Cup, Pizza Hut and Burger King, as well as the hotel and motel business, like in the United States. Sood says it’s difficult to fully gauge the economic muscle of the community, “You’ve got to understand our community is one of those who keep quiet about what they’re doing. They downplay what they have so very often you don’t know the size of the person.”
Ajit Adophia, a community activist and journalist who has written for The Toronto Star, has lived in Mississauga for many years. He observes about the strong, close-knit Sikh community: “Because of their demographic strength they are able to exert quite a bit of political clout, both federally and provincially, and they have elected eight members of parliament in Canada because of their numbers and concentration.” Canada also has a large community of Ismailis from Africa, who chose to re-emigrate all over the world, especially Canada and the United States. In many areas, the enclaves juxtapose, so that it’s possible to purchase Hindu temple accessories, Sri Lankan curries, hallal meat, or five samosas for $1 – all in the same mall. There’s also a significant population of people of Indian origin from the West Indies, from Trinidad and Guyana. Many of them, in fact, had journeyed from Goa to the West Indies and one encounters many Fernandezs and De Silvas. “Another interesting phenomenon is that we have a lot of Indian and Pakistani nationals coming in but they don’t come in from their home countries, they come in from the Middle East or they come in from Africa,” says Ramsey. ” It’s a very complex thing and we track less by ethnicity as by nationality.” Yet no matter where the sea of immigrants of Indian origin comes from, they generally come into Canada as skilled workers, rather than through the business immigration category, which has largely been used by the Chinese community, who often were bootstrap entrepreneurs. According to Ramsay, for Indians, the business immigration category, as a whole, accounts for 6 to 10 percent of the overall immigration in any one given year. She says, “It’s a relatively small portion, but you don’t have to have a huge movement for it to be successful. And there are lots of immigrants who come under other categories, such as family or professional, who end up going into business anyway.” America and Canada may be neighbors, but the immigration policies seem worlds apart. “You don’t have quotas in Canada and we have an active program to attract skilled workers to Canada,” says Ramsay. “The U.S. program is largely family-based and quota based, so it might take you 20 years to bring over your relative in the U.S. There is an independent movement, but it’s so elitist that it’s very hard to qualify for it.” In Canada, immigration is structured on merit, with a point system based on age, profession, education, adaptability and language skills. In Canada, unlike the United States, immigration is a shared jurisdiction between the federal and provincial government. The provinces are interested in attracting people to their areas so immigration fairs are held in different parts of the world. Says Ramsay, “It’s like doing any kind of trade show. You set up booths and you try to sell them on the idea of coming to Canada first, and then the provinces have friendly competition in saying ‘Pick me, pick me.'” There has clearly been a change in the American attitude to the immigration movement, post 9/11, which has impacted South Asian immigrant groups in the United States disproportionately. Has that meant greater interest in Canada? Says Ramsay, “I certainly receive more phone calls from South Asians who are concerned about their tenuous status.”
And what may be useful for Indians in America to know is that Canada is particularly attracted to Indians on H1-B visas, many of whom are forced to return home when their visa runs out and they can’t find employment in the United States. “From a Canadian standpoint, these individuals make fabulous potential immigrants, because they have North American work experience, they are usually working in hi-tech industry and they are motivated to remain in the North American context, and they speak English. How great is that?” says Ramsay. The Canadian government has conducted seminars in the United States targeting H1-B visa holders, working with TiE Tri-State in New York. Says Ramsay, “Without appearing to be a poacher, I believe there are opportunities for us to look to the United States for many third country nationals that are there who may wish to avail themselves of a country that is not only perceived to be, but I believe, is, more immigrant friendly.” Sood, of the Indo-Canadian Chamber of Commerce, acknowledges the lack of Indian Canadian and Indian American businesses linkups with a few notable exceptions. Robin Hood, a mainstream Canadian company, is the largest supplier of atta flour and produces Golden Temple atta, which is exported to America. Since Canada is a rich source of Durham wheat, several mills cater to the Indian food industry. Rubicon is one of the largest companies dealing in processed foods and juices. Several other Indian Canadian grocery suppliers have also entered the U.S. market. Dr. Sen Gelda, who’s originally from Rajasthan, came in 1954 to the United States for further studies in dairy science and secured his PhD from the University of Minnesota. After teaching in the United States he was hired by Borden in Canada. On retiring he started Gelda Foods and his sons joined him in the business, which has four divisions – pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, research lab and food manufacturing and distributing. The company, now in its 27th year is now run by his two sons. Gelda shared his observations as a businessman in Canada for 40 years: “We call it more of a friendly country. People who’ve been to the U.S. find that country a little bit rough, not that friendly and there’s more prejudice there they think. Since 9/11 a lot of these situations are more, especially the Sikh community in the U.S. finds it more – if you have turbans or beards – more prejudice is automatically there.” He says that even some Indians from the Middle East are leaving the United States and moving to Canada for the same reasons. He feels even the climate for business is discouraging. Any sample of food going to a customer has to be registered with the FDA first, and the customer has to be registered with the FDA to be allowed to receive the sample now. A box of rotis he sent to a client in Dallas was destroyed and the empty box taped and sent to the client. “A lot of Americans are very high strung about America: how big and almighty they are, but they think very little of Canada itself. It’s just a small country up north. They have very little knowledge of Canada itself, how big it is, how beautiful it is, which we find. Even Indians who live in America become Americanized – all they talk about is America.” At the same time, Gelda admits that the opportunities are greater in America, with more risk taking. He says, “Here in Canada we have an overflow of too many doctors and professionals from India who are working at jobs which are not utilizing their talents. Any professionals who come here, it takes them at least two years to get into their own field, because Canada doesn’t recognize the degrees that you have from India.” While many of these degrees are not recognized in the United States either, Gelda says that because of greater opportunities, professionals find it easier in the United States. Some people in Canada, he says, have to move away from their own field and go into business even though they are doctors or lawyers. While new immigrants take some time to settle down, he says the ones who came in the 70’s have done exceedingly well. Sood says, “They don’t go directly, but via Amsterdam, so it gets recorded as Amsterdam trade and not Indian. But it’s a trade that has started from here and gone and helped the economy in India, because the cutting is done there and then is sent out all over the world. So there are a lot of these things that don’t get recorded.” But perhaps the greatest distinction between the Indian community across the border is in the political arena. Indian Canadians have penetrated the glass ceiling of some of the highest political offices in the country, which seems so remote for most Indian Americans, who are still at the fundraising and photo ops stage, with very few actually running for office. Ujjal Dosanjh, who served as premier and attorney general of British Columbia, serves as minister for health in Prime Minister Paul Martin’s government. Ten Indian serve as members in the federal parliament, including Dr. Ruby Dhalla, the first Indian woman to be ever elected to this position. The Indian Canadian community is also entrenched in the cultural and social life of Canada, both with its own organizations as well as mainstream ones. Arti Chandaria, publisher of artsNow, an email newsletter that promotes South Asian art and artists, says, “People say in Canada the multiculturalism is a mosaic,” she says. “I find that the mosaic is important, because it helps people to co-exist, but I would like to see people integrate and interact with each other more.” She sees this interaction strengthening with the younger generation. Pamela Arora, a second generation Indian Canadian whose parents emigrated from Amritsar is the editor of Anokhi Vibe, a glossy magazine aimed at young Indian Canadians, which celebrates their success in music, arts, medicine and technology. “Canada is a hotbed for successful and creative Indo-Canadians,” she says. “ºThey are so many bright, second gen South Asians who are choosing non-traditional and traditional paths as career options. There also is a great entrepreneurial spirit that exists here.” Chat with Arora and you see the range of ventures this young, vibrant generation is engaged in: There’s Nisha Pahuja, whose lively documentary Bollywood Bound is about young Indian Canadians yearning to make it big in Bollywood; Pamela Arora, editor of Anokhi Vibe: “Canada is a hotbed for successful and creative Indo-Canadians.” Mohit Rajhans has created Filmi, a South Asian film festival that is attached to the Mehndi Masti Masala Festival. Then there’s mybindi.com, a social organization that is well known in Canada for its interaction with second-generation Indian Canadians. Young South Asians are also contributing their pulsating rhythms to Canadian music, including such groups as Riksha and Lal, both in Toronto and the Mantraboys in Vancouver. Acclaimed Canadian ghazal artist Kiran Ahluwalia won a 2004 Juno Award in the Best World Music Album category for her latest release Beyond Boundaries. “Yes, the mainstream media has opened up to Indians simply because they are sharp, talented young people that are highly qualified for the job,” says Arora. “There are a few role models for us. People like Ian Hanomansing, Suhanna Merachand and Monika Deol broke into the industry at a time when seeing an ethnic person on prime time news was not likely. They are highly respected and recognized for blazing a trail and making headway for the many South Asian media personalities that are part of Canadian media today.” Then of course there are the big names, which are recognized internationally and whom Canada has embraced as its own. Director Deepa Mehta has made deeply moving films from Fire and Earth to the comedy Bollywood/Hollywood, which are viewed as Canadian movies, opening at the Toronto Film Festival to critical acclaim. Writer Rohinton Mistry, who was born in Bombay, now lives near Toronto, and received the Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book of the Year for his first novel Such a long Journey and the Giller Prize for A Fine Balance, besides many other awards. M.G. Vassanji, who was born in Kenya and raised in Tanzania, came to Canada in 1978. He is the author of five acclaimed novels, including The Gunny Sack, which won a regional Commonwealth Prize, The Book of Secrets that won the very first Giller Prize and The In-Between World of Vikram Lall, the winner of the 2003 Giller Prize, which awards $25,000 annually to the author of the best Canadian novel or short story collection published in English. Vassanji, whose multilayered, absorbing novels have been very well received in Canada over the years, was awarded the Harbourfront Festival Prize in 1994 as one of 12 Canadians on Maclean’s Honor Roll. This year he was nominated for the Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book. It’s hard to think of any Indian American author who has been honored as much in America. “In the early 70’s there was a phobia in Canada about the immigrants coming in from the newly independent countries in Africa and Caribbean,” Vassanji says. “The people were not really used to it, but now it’s a place where it’s so comfortable for immigrants, especially in the big cities.” Nearly a quarter of Canada’s population is foreign born. Says Vassanji. “People everywhere just accept differences whereas earlier it was seen as an encroachment on their territory or on their country or culture,” he says. “Now it is a part of Canadian culture and identity to celebrate differences and diversity of society. I believe – and I think many people believe that – it is the identity of the country.” “The Indians are not assimilated because that concept doesn’t exist in Canada, fortunately,” says Vassanji. ” In England or the U.S. assimilation is still a concept. People are coming in all the time so Canada itself has changed. Every culture is legitimate.” Vassanji’s wife Nurjehan Aziz heads TSAR Publications, which is dedicated to bringing the reading public fresh writing whichreflects the global influences, multicultural works pertaining especially to Asia and Africa. The company publishes 6-8 titles a year and Aziz emphasizes that these works are well received, reviewed by mainstream publications and the authors invited on television programs. The Sears Department Store featured an Indian costume display in collaboration with the Indian consulate. The noted poet Cyril Dabydeen, who was born in Guyana, has written powerful poetry juxtaposing his life in Canada and the Caribbean, often harking back to his Indian origins. His books include My Brahmin Days and Other stories and Hemisphere of Love. In a review, the Toronto Star called him simply “A gifted Canadian poet.” Not Indian, not Indian Canadian, not West Indian Canadian. Simply Canadian. And that, perhaps, is the strength of Canada. You can be any color or ethnicity, but in this country, which is remaking itself every day in the mirror image of its changing population, you can be every inch a Canadian.
So is this a real Utopia for immigrants – or just a shimmering Shangri-La of the imagination? The opinions are mixed. Binoy Thomas, the editor of The Weekly Voice, an Indian weekly newspaper in Toronto, has seen the gap between promise and actual results in the lives of new immigrants. He insists that immigrants are doing much better in the United States. Many people from India and Pakistan came to Canada during the past few years on the assumption that Canada wants skilled people, but in spite of their qualifications, they did not find work and some even returned home. “It’s not a very open society. They need immigrants, but their local systems are closed. It’s a very discriminatory system with a regimented approach to employment,” he says. “There is a big debate in Canada and many politicians admit that this is a problem, but the debate is just beginning.” He points out that there are over 2,500 doctors who are unable to practice their calling and some are reduced to delivering pizzas: “According to Health Canada Statistics they have a huge deficit of 2,000-3,000 doctors but the regulatory bodies are all powerful. And these foreign qualified doctors are not being given a chance to practice.” He adds, “It’s ghettoization in the name of multiculturalism and it’s not working.
People always look at you for your turban, they don’t see that under the turban you could have a brain. In a job situation, they give you dignity in an ethnic sense, but they don’t want to accept you as a capable, perhaps even better person than they are.” The problems stem in part from an anemic economy. Says Thomas, “There are far too many immigrants and too few opportunities. Ruby Dhalla, seen here with Prime Minister Paul Martin, became the first Indian woman member of the federal parliament. Another Indian Ujjal Dosanjh has served as premier of a Canadian province. There was a time when Canada paid for your plane ticket and brought you to your workplace the next day after you landed. The good old times, you talk about it. But now it’s a very different society. Even politicians have realized it. If you don’t or can’t use the talent then the country doesn’t benefit.” But for many, Canada is a place to start over. Rita Sadhwani lost her husband just as they were set to immigrate to Canada from Poona. As a young widow with three little children, it seemed hard to imagine any kind of a future. Yet she gathered her courage and with few resources, left for this unknown new –country. On arrival, she found a job as a substitute teacher and in a few years became a full time teacher in the Canadian school system. Today, she has a wonderful success story to tell. She loves her job and her three children are all grown and doing brilliantly in university. She feels that the plane journey from India to Canada was the best step she undertook, because it enabled her to fulfill the family’s dreams and allowed the children to reach their full potential. With shining eyes, she showed us around the house she has finally purchased, a cosy three-bedroom house in North York with a small garden bursting with roses, lilies and marigolds. She says simply, “Canada has been very good to us.” |
The Other Indian Americans
